Biology study

Algae- colonial volvox Filamentous algae- ulothrix and spirogyra Note- kelp are large algae.  Asexual are zoospore , sexual fusion of two gamete. Similar in size- ulothrix flagellated , non flagellated but similar in size spirogyra such reproduction is called isogamous. #dsimilar in size- udorina(anisogamous) One large and one small flagella is term as Oogamous.eg- fucus , volvox         Green algae- Volvox, ulothrix Brown algae- laminaria, fucus ,dictyota  Red algae- porphyra, polysiphonia # -many species of porphyra , laminaria and sargasam among 70 species of Marine algae used and food.    . Algin (brown algae) carrageen (red algae) vichar used commercially. . agar is one of the commercial product obtained from gelidium and Gracilaria  are used to grow microbes and in preparation of ice cream and jellies # chlorella are rich in protein is used as food supplement even by space travellers

Growth-  growth cannot be taken as defining property. Defining property- metabolism , cellular organisation, consciousness. #growth are two type nonliving and living. Number of defining property is 3.  Note- in majority of higher plant and animal growth and reproduction are mutually exclusive events In non living object growth is by accumulation of material on the surface. Isolated metabolic reaction outside the body and organising, perform in a test tube is neither living nor non living. All organism, from the prokaryotes to the most complex eukaryotes can sense and respond to environmental cues.  Fungi-asexual Amoeba-binary fission Hydra and yeast-  budding Planaria- true regeneration In plant growth by cell division occurs continuously throughout the life span. In animal, this growth is seen only upto a certain age.  Fragmentation is seen in fungi and protonema of mosses. In living organism growth is from inside. Self consciousness is a property of human beings only. Earnst mayr- wa

Lifespan 1- elephant 65 years 2- dog 20 years 3- butterfly 1 to 2 weeks 4- crow 15 years 5- banana tree 200 years 6- cow 18 to 22 years 7- parrot 140 years 8- crocodile 60 year 9- horse 25 to 30 years 10- fruit fly 40 to 50 days 11- rice plant 3 to 4 month 12- tortoise 100 to 150 years 13- banyan tree 200 years

1-pre fertilization 2-fertilization 3-post fertilization 1-pre fertilization- two men pre fertilization events are- Gametogenesis Gamete transfer 1-gametogenesis- two gametes are present a-male gamete b-female gamete * Gametes are haploid cell . In some algae the two gametes are are so similar in appearance that is not possible to categorise them into male and female gametes hence they are called  homogametes (isogametes) eg-cladophora . The gametes produced Arif to morphologically distinct types are called   heterogametes eg-fucus, human . Male gametes is  antherozoid or sperm . Female eg- egg or ovum.  Monera, enjoy, ki, bryophytes are haploid plant body (mitotic division) Pteridophyte, gymnosperm, angiosperm, including human bing are diploid plant body (meiosis division) Gamete transfer- # in algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes water is medium . In seed plants pollen grains are are the carrier of male gametes and ovul have egg Self fertilizing plant is eg- peas. Pollen grains germin

Plants May have both male and female reproductive structure in same plant- bisexual, or on different plants- unisexual • in flowering plant the unisexual male flower is staminate that is bearing stamens, while the female is pistillate or bearing pistils/carpels Unisexual equal dioecious Bisexual equal monoecious  Example of monoecious- kukur bits, coconut, maze, funeral, finance, green algae chara  Example of dioecious- papaya date palm Note- dioecious   condition is also seen in non flowering plants like- marchantia ,cycus  In chara male sex organ- anthridium, And female sex organ- oogonium In earthworm ,sponge , tapeworm, leech -Bisexual animal that possess both male and female reproductive organ  Cockroach-unisexual  species

Lifespan- Crow 15 years Parrot 140 years Mango 200 Peepal tree 2500 years Baniyan tree 300 to 500 years       Asexual reproduction- Asexual reproduction is common among single celled organism, a sexual reproduction is absent in higher vertebrates, asexual reproduction is also called vegetative propagation. A sexual reproduction takes place by  fission , regeneration, fragmentation, budding, vegetative propagation etc. - binary fission equal to amoeba paramecium - regeneration equal to funaria,hydra and planaria -fragmentation in fungi - budding equal to hydra and East - sporulation equal to amoeba plasmodium zoospore (chlamydomonas), conidia ( penicillium)      Vegetative propagation.    Runers, rhizome, Tuber, offset, bulb     Rhizoma of Ginger     Banana     Bubil of agave      Oxalis      Leaf bud of bryophyllum      Offset of water hyacinth and pistia       Sucker of Chrysanthemum and mints       Runner of cynodon (doob grass)       Bulb of onion and garlic These are vegetative pro

Harmone- are non nutrient chemical which act as intracellular messenger and are produced in trace amount"                               Human endocrine system 1- hypothalamus-two types  The releasing hormone, the inhibiting hormone (a) GnRh-stimulate the pituitary gland synthesis and release of gonadotropins (b) somatostatin-from the hypothalamus inhibit the release of growth hormone                                 The pituitary gland Body cavity name is sella tursica The pituitary gland divided into two parts (Adenohypophysis) (neurohypophysis)   1- adenohypophysis- adenohypophysis divided into two parts, parts intermedia pars distalis. Ars digital is commonly known as anterior pituitary (1)-anterior pituitary 6 hormone are released from the pituitary gland Growth hormone Prolactin TSH thyroid stimulating hormone AC TH adrenocorticotropic hormone LH luteinizing hormone FSH follicle stimulating hormone #Pars intermedia only one hormones are releasing name msh (melanocyte stimulati

1-herbarium-storehouse of collected plant that are dried pressed and preserved on seat. 2-botanical garden-collection of living plants for reference. The famous botanical garden are kew  (England), NBRI in Lucknow 3-museum-specimen are preserved in the containers or  jar in preservative solutions 4-Zoological park-the condition provided by human just like natural habitats so similar 5-key-used for identification of plants and animal based on similarities and dissimilarities, based on contrasting characters generally in a pair called couplet # Flora-contains the actual account of habitat and distribution of plants of a given area # Manuals- providing information for identification of names of species found in an area # Monographs- contains information on any one taxon

Biology is the story of life on earth ICBN- international code for botanical nomenclature ICZN-INTERNATIONAL CODE OF ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE SPEED SPECIES ARE THERE - 1-SPECIES- magnifiera Indica, solanum tuberosum (potato), panthera Leo (lion) 2-GENUS-related species 3-FAMILY-related genera 4-ORDER-primata, diptera, sapinadales,poals                  Species                    Genus                    Family                    Order                     Class                     Phylum or division                      Kingdom